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Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and of free software. The free software licenses , on which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as symbiotic.
One common business model of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks. Another business model is to give away the software to sell hardware. As computer hardware standardized throughout the s, it became more difficult for hardware manufacturers to profit from this tactic, as the OS would run on any manufacturer's computer that shared the same architecture.
Most programming languages support Linux either directly or through third-party community based ports. First released in , the LLVM project provides an alternative cross-platform open-source compiler for many languages. A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditional specific-purpose programming languages targeted at scripting , text processing and system configuration and management in general.
Linux distributions support shell scripts , awk , sed and make. Many programs also have an embedded programming language to support configuring or programming themselves. For example, regular expressions are supported in programs like grep and locate , the traditional Unix MTA Sendmail contains its own Turing complete scripting system, and the advanced text editor GNU Emacs is built around a general purpose Lisp interpreter.
Guile Scheme acts as an extension language targeting the GNU system utilities, seeking to make the conventionally small, static , compiled C programs of Unix design rapidly and dynamically extensible via an elegant, functional high-level scripting system; many GNU programs can be compiled with optional Guile bindings to this end. These projects are based on the GTK and Qt widget toolkits , respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework.
Both support a wide variety of languages. The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse range of computer architectures , including the hand-held ARM -based iPAQ and the IBM mainframes System z9 or System z The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever intended to use a manufacturer-created operating system, such as Macintosh computers [] [] with both PowerPC and Intel processors , PDAs , video game consoles , portable music players , and mobile phones.
There are several industry associations and hardware conferences devoted to maintaining and improving support for diverse hardware under Linux, such as FreedomHEC.
Over time, support for different hardware has improved in Linux, resulting in any off-the-shelf purchase having a "good chance" of being compatible.
In , a new initiative was launched to automatically collect a database of all tested hardware configurations. The GPL requires that anyone who distributes software based on source code under this license must make the originating source code and any modifications available to the recipient under the same terms.
Torvalds states that the Linux kernel will not move from version 2 of the GPL to version 3. A study of Red Hat Linux 7. Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux kernel itself was 2. In a later study, the same analysis was performed for Debian version 4. Della Croce, Jr. In , Torvalds and some affected organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and, in , the case was settled.
Torvalds has stated that he trademarked the name only to prevent someone else from using it. LMI originally charged a nominal sublicensing fee for use of the Linux name as part of trademarks, [] but later changed this in favor of offering a free, perpetual worldwide sublicense.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 August This article is about the family of operating systems.
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Archived from the original on April 4, Archived from the original on October 10, Retrieved September 17, Note that repairing is different from reinstalling. If the repair doesn't work, you have to remove Office completely, possibly by manually deleting files, and then reinstall.
Do you have any other versions of these programs earlier or later on your computer that you use? Volunteering to "pay forward" to return help I've received in the Microsoft user community. Threats include any threat of suicide, violence, or harm to another.
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Details required : characters remaining Cancel Submit 2 people found this reply helpful. I have that option that came with the new computer.
But it's not installed - I declined the offer, but the trial version is still on the machine. To remove all traces of the Office installation by download the fixit from the following article:. Then, if necessary, r epair the Office installation as detailed in the Knowledge Base article at:.
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